The Border Dispute as a Barrier in India–Nepal Relations: Problems and Prospects for Resolution

Abstract

India and Nepal have developed in their special bilateral relationship in South Asia because of their geographic location, shared past, economic relationship and an open border. There are many social and cultural links between them however the unresolved border disputes do lead to periodic strains on the diplomatic relationship and therefore restrain the ability for greater regional cooperation. The two most significant border disputes are the Kalapani–Lipulekh–Limpiyadhura region of the Northern West Himalayas and the Susta area in the Southern plains of Nepal. The source of the two disputes arises from different interpretations of historical treaties, historical maps from the Colonial period, water supply alterations and regional political interests. The studies aim was to investigate how border disputes act as barriers to structural relations between India and Nepal by critically assessing the potential for a peaceful and sustainable resolution. The study uses a qualitative and analytical approach based on historical interpretation, policy evaluation and contemporary literature. The study has investigated the historical evolution of the border disputes and the result of border disagreements on diplomacy, trade, connectivity, regional security and public opinion. The outcomes of the study found these border problems have turned into broader political and strategic issues affecting bilateral trust and institutional cooperation. This paper presents an analysis that highlights the importance of utilizing multiple factors to successfully resolve disputes. Historical documentation, technical methods for determining boundary lines, effective communication between institutions, the establishment of mutual trust through confidence-building measures, and cooperative governance structures are some of the elements that make up this overall framework for mediating disputes between countries. Additionally, this paper contributes to the body of knowledge within the field of contemporary south Asian geopolitical studies by providing an integrated framework linking these same elements to create an environment conducive to long-term stability between India and Nepal.